Pestivirus Infection in Cattle in Selangor, Malaysia: Animal and Farm Level Seroprevalence and Its Risk Factors

Pestiviruses are the primary causes of bovine viral diarrhea. Bovine viral diarrhea is a highly prevalent disease that is characterized by diarrhea and immunosuppression, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases among cattle and other ruminants worldwide. This study aims to determine the prevalence of pestivirus infection in cattle and the associated factors in selected farms in Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 202 serum samples were collected from eight farms and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect pestivirus antibodies. Information on farm management and animal characteristics was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The overall seroprevalence of pestivirus infection was 28.2% (57/202; 95% CI: 22.0–35.0%) and was significantly different between farms (p < .01, χ2 = 67), ranging from 10.0% to 61.8%. Two of the eight farms were seronegative. The risk factors for pestivirus infection were lactating animals (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1–4.3), intensive system (OR = 5.9, 95% CI: 2.2–16.0), the use of AI (OR= 18.0, 95% CI: 7.1–44.0), presence of a milking parlor (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1–4.2), sharing feeding pen (OR = 7.7, 95% CI: 2.1–29.0), and lack of separate vehicle drop-off area (OR = 6.0, 95% CI =1.9–18.0). This study reflects the presence of pestiviruses in cattle farms in Selangor, Malaysia, highlighting the need to improve farm biosecurity and implement effective preventive and control measures.

Cite this article as: Khalid, N., Arshad, S. S., Degu, N.Y., Ramanoon, S. Z., & Sadiq, M. B. (2026). Pestivirus infection in cattle in Selangor, Malaysia: Animal and farm level seroprevalence and its risk factors. Acta Veterinaria Eurasia, 52, 0052, doi:10.5152/actavet.2026.25052.